Beyond Exercise: The Cardiovascular Implications of Sedentary Lifestyles in the Modern Era

Abstract

This short review explores the cardiovascular implications of modern sedentary lifestyles, emphasizing the distinction between physical inactivity and sedentary behavior (SB). This paper highlights how modern screen-based activities have replaced traditional sedentary lifestyles. Using a top-down approach (i.e., a biopsychosocial model), it discusses how psychosocial factors such as stress, technology use, and socioeconomic status lead to SB, harmful physiological changes, and, as a result, an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Finally, different physical activity behaviors and levels impact CVD risk differently, revealing nuanced differences and emphasizing the need for clear definitions, measurement methods, and the identification of indirect determinants such as work and recreational infrastructure.