Characteristics of physical training of persons with visual impairment: From instruction and workout to training and competition

  • Aleksandrović M
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Abstract

Visual impairment as a congenital condition or acquired state is due to: eye diseases, physical injuries, falls, brain injuries, infections, etc. In relation to the degree of visual impairment, there are blind and low vision persons. Due to insufficient or non-existent visual information at an early stage of development, children with visual impairment are not aware of their own body and space, therefore they have problems with their own motion. The motor development of children with visual impairment is slow, which manifests through delayed walking, ineptitude, clumsiness, frequent fall and bad coordination. On the other hand, it is possible that the ultimate level of motor abilities of people with visual impairment can be approximate or the same as people without visual impairment. For an appropriate approach to physical exercise it is necessary to consider the following in a person with visual impairment: the amount and type of vision, physical, functional, health and mental state. The basic characteristics of implementing physical exercises with this population include: adaptation of teaching methods, adaptation of the exercise space and selection of appropriate requisites and equipment. The way of acquiring knowledge of the low vision children is visual information (regardless of the poor quality of their reception), and for blind children there are audible and tactile information. A constant, detailed verbal description of motions and movements is necessary in order to explain incomplete visual information and associate it with successive tactile information. An individual-led activity ensures understanding of the person with VI on the required movement. The analytical method is the dominant method during instructions and training. Sports in which people with visual impairment can participate are: athletics, chess, judo, ninepin bowling, tenpin bowling, shooting, swimming, tarball, football 5, golf, showdown, golf, power lifting, skiing, riding ... IBSA (International Blind Sport Federation) is an international sports organization that takes care of sports of persons with VI and is a member of the IPC (International Paralympic Committee). Competitions involving people with VI include: Paralympic Games, IBSA Games, world, continental, regional and national championships, as well as many international and national tournaments.Oštećenja vida kao urođeno stanje ili stečeno stanje je posledica: očnih bolesti, fizičkih povreda, padova, povreda mozga, infekcija, itd. U odnosu na stepen OV postoje slepe i slabovide osobe. Usled nedovoljnih ili nepostojećih vizuelnih informacija u ranoj fazi razvoja, deca sa oštećenim vidom nisu svesna sopstvenog tela i prostora, zbog toga imaju problema sa samostalnim kretanjem. Motorni razvoj dece sa oštećenim vidom je usporen, što se ispoljava kao kasnije prohodavanje, trapavost, nespretnost, češće padanje i lošu koordinaciju. S druge strane, moguće je da se krajnji nivo motoričkih sposobnosti osoba sa OV može biti približan ili isti sa osobama bez oštećenja vida. Za odgovarajući pristup fizičkom vežbanju potrebno je kod osobe sa oštećenjem vida sagledati: količinu i način vida, fizičko, funkcionalno, zdravstveno i mentalno stanje. Osnovne karakteristike sprovođenja fizičkog vežbanja sa ovom populacijom su: prilagođavanje nastavnih metoda, adaptacija prostora za vežbanje i odabir odgovarajuće opreme i rekvizita. Putevi saznanja za slabovidu decu su vizuelne informacija, bez obzira na slab kvalitet njihovog prijema, a za slepu decu su auditivne i taktilne informacije. Neophodno je konstantno, detaljno verbalno opisivanje pokreta i kretanja radi pojašnjavanja nepotpunih vizuelnih informacija i povezivanja sukcesivnih taktilnih informacija. Individualno vođena aktivnost osigurava razumevanje osobe sa OV o traženom kretanju. Analitički metod je dominantan metod tokom obuke i treninga. Sportovi u kojima osobe sa oštećenim vidom mogu da učestvuju su: atletika, šah, džudo, kuglanje sa 9 čunjeva, kuglanje sa 10 čunjeva, streljaštvo, plivanje, torbal, fudbal 5, golbal, showdown, golbal, powerlifting, skijanje, jahanje... IBSA (International Blind Sport Federation) je međunarodna sportska organizacija koja se brine o sportovima osoba sa OV i član je Međunarodnog paraolimpijskog komiteta - IPC (International Paralympic Committee). Takmičenja na kojima učestvuju osobe sa OV su: paraolimpijske igre, IBSA igre, svetska, kontinentalna, regionalna i nacionalna prvenstva, kao i mnogi međunarodni i nacionalni turniri.

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APA

Aleksandrović, M. (2018). Characteristics of physical training of persons with visual impairment: From instruction and workout to training and competition. Physical Education and Sport through the Centuries, 5(2), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.2478/spes-2018-0006

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