Working with a Family. How a Family-Oriented Welfare System Opens the Border for Migrant Care Workers

Abstract

In Italy, the strong desire to take care of the elderly at home and within the family opens the border to migrant care workers. Despite an increasing focus on the closure of borders, migrant care workers are considered desirable immigrants and are generally socially accepted in Italian society because they are believed to fulfil an indispensable role in Italian families. Based on ninety-three qualitative interviews with migrant care workers, elderly care recipients, and the family members responsible for the organization of their care, this article considers the favourable position of care workers vis-à-vis the selectivity of immigration governance. Moreover, it discusses the relations established by Italian families with immigrant care workers, in comparison with what the scholarship says about the relationships between immigrant care workers and native families. For this purpose, we propose a typology of domestic elder care relationships, arranging them along a continuum where at one extreme they are asymmetrical and exploitative, whilst at the other they are warm and reciprocal. Finally, we observe a process of “familization” whereby employers and care workers begin to see each other as members of the same “family”. Whilst familialization can be interpreted as genuine affection, it also creates a web of obligations that prioritizes expectations by employers and duties of care workers.