Linear Optical, Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinear Optical, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Studies of “Rigid-Rod” Bis-Alkynyl Ruthenium Complexes

Abstract

The syntheses of oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs) end-functionalized by a nitro acceptor group and with a ligated ruthenium unit at varying locations in the OPE chain, namely, trans-[Ru{(C≡C-1,4-C6H4)nNO2}(C≡CR)(dppe)2] (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; n=1, R=1,4-C6H4C≡C-1,4-C6H4C≡CPh, 1,4-C6H4NEt2; n=2, R=Ph, 1,4-C6H4C≡CPh, 1,4-C6H4C≡C-1,4-C6H4C≡CPh, 1,4-C6H4NO2, 1,4-C6H4NEt2; n=3, R=Ph, 1,4-C6H4C≡CPh), are reported. Their electrochemical properties were assessed by cyclic voltammetry, their linear optical properties and quadratic and cubic nonlinear optical properties were assayed by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, hyper-Rayleigh scattering studies employing nanosecond pulses at 1064 nm, and broad spectral range Z-scan studies employing femtosecond pulses, respectively, and their linear optical properties and vibrational spectroscopic behavior in the formally RuIII state was examined by UV/Vis/NIR and IR spectroelectrochemistry, respectively. The potentials of the metal-localized oxidation processes are sensitive to alkynyl-ligand modification, but this effect is attenuated on π-bridge lengthening. Computational studies employing time-dependent density functional theory were undertaken on model complexes, with a 2D scan revealing a soft potential-energy surface for intra-alkynyl-ligand aryl-ring rotation; this is consistent with the experimentally observed blueshift in optical absorption maxima. Quadratic optical nonlinearities are significant and cubic NLO coefficients for these small complexes are small. The optimum length of the alkynyl ligands and the ideal metal location in the OPE to maximize the key coefficients have been defined.