The ryanodine receptor agonist 4-chloro-3-ethylphenol blocks ORAI store-operated channels

Abstract

Background: Depletion of the Ca2+ store by ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonists induces store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). 4-Chloro-3-ethylphenol (4-CEP) and 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) are RyR agonists commonly used as research tools and diagnostic reagents for malignant hyperthermia. Here, we investigated the effects of 4-CEP and its analogues on SOCE. Experimental Approach: SOCE and ORAI1-3 currents were recorded by Ca 2+ imaging and whole-cell patch recordings in rat L6 myoblasts and in HEK293 cells overexpressing STIM1/ORAI1-3. Key Results: 4-CEP induced a significant release of Ca2+ in rat L6 myoblasts, but inhibited SOCE. The inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent and more potent than its analogues 4-CmC and 4-chlorophenol (4-ClP). In the HEK293 T-REx cells overexpressing STIM1/ORAI1-3, 4-CEP inhibited the ORAI1, ORAI2 and ORAI3 currents evoked by thapsigargin. The 2-APB-induced ORAI3 current was also blocked by 4-CEP. This inhibitory effect was reversible and independent of the Ca2+ release. The two analogues, 4-CmC and 4-ClP, also inhibited the ORAI1-3 channels. Excised patch and intracellular application of 4-CEP demonstrated that the action site was located extracellularly. Moreover, 4-CEP evoked STIM1 translocation and subplasmalemmal clustering through its Ca 2+ store-depleting effect via the activation of RyR, but no effect on STIM1 redistribution was observed in cells co-expressing STIM1/ORAI1-3. Conclusion and Implications: 4-CEP not only acts as a RyR agonist to deplete the Ca2+ store and trigger STIM1 subplasmalemmal translocation and clustering, but also directly inhibits ORAI1-3 channels. These findings demonstrate a novel pharmacological property for the chlorophenol derivatives that act as RyR agonists. © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society.