Progress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Gene Discovery

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most prominent motor neuron disease in humans. Its etiology consists of progressive motor neuron degeneration resulting in a rapid decline in motor function starting in the limbs or bulbar muscles and eventually fatally impairing central organs most typically resulting in loss of respiration. Pathogenic variants in 4 main genes, SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, and C9orf72, have been well characterized as causative for more than a decade now. However, these only account for a small fraction of all ALS cases. In this review, we highlight many additional variants that appear to be causative or confer increased risk for ALS, and we reflect on the technologies that have led to these discoveries. Next, we call attention to new challenges and opportunities for ALS and suggest next steps to increase our understanding of ALS genetics. Finally, we conclude with a synopsis of gene therapy paradigms and how increased understanding of ALS genetics can lead us to developing effective treatments. Ultimately, a consolidated update of the field can provide a launching point for researchers and clinicians to improve our search for ALS-related genes, defining pathogenic mechanisms, form diagnostics, and develop therapies.AD=Alzheimer disease; ALS=amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; FALS=familial ALS; FTD=frontotemporal dementia; GO=Gene Ontology; GWAS=genome-wide association study; HSP=hereditary spastic paraplegia; MND=motor neuron disease; PMA=progressive muscular atrophy; rAAV=recombinant adeno-associated virus; RBP=RNA-binding protein; SALS=sporadic ALS; SMA=spinal muscular atrophy; WES=whole-exome sequencing; WGS=whole-genome sequencing