Effect of graphene nanoplatelets and nano zinc oxide on gas barrier and antibacterial properties of thermoplastic nanocomposites

Abstract

Graphene-loaded thermoplastic nanocomposite films must be evaluated for antibacterial activity, mechanical, and barrier properties before being utilized as food packaging. Herein, economically feasible linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-based flexible packaging materials were developed via the melt compounding technique at 170°C temperature by taking advantage of both graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and nano zinc oxide (ZnO) fillers. Morphological studies reveal that in composites loaded with GNP/ZnO hybrid fillers, ZnO nanoparticles form a network-like structure throughout the polymer matrix. Simultaneously, GNPs are uniformly dispersed. The inclusion of hybrid nanofiller considerably reduces both the oxygen transmission rate and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) in LLDPE nanocomposites. A maximum decrease of 36% and 67%, respectively, in both oxygen transmission rate and WVTR is observed for 3 wt% of hybrid filler loading in a thermoplastic matrix containing 1 wt% of nano ZnO. The antibacterial efficacy of the derived nanocomposite films is obvious against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. These nanocomposite films have the potential to be successfully utilized as flexible packaging materials owing to their improved thermal, barrier, and antibacterial effectiveness. Highlights: GNP/ZnO was used as a hybrid reinforcing filler in the LLDPE matrix. ZnO nanoparticles establish a network-like morphology. LLDPE nanocomposite films exhibited excellent antibacterial activity. Oxygen and water vapor barrier properties were significantly improved. The thermoplastic composite films could be used as food packaging materials.