Toward a unified understanding of people’s aversion to nature: biophobia

Abstract

Human–nature relationships are often framed positively, but research rarely addresses biophobia, the aversion to nature. However, negative relationships with nature are likely to become more widespread following societal and environmental changes, with serious implications for public health and conservation efforts. Here, we performed a systematic review of 196 studies on biophobia, revealing a fragmentation of knowledge across disciplines, including environmental sciences, psychology, and social sciences. To unify this research, we introduce a cohesive framework summarizing the drivers and consequences of, as well as treatments for, biophobia. Based on the current body of evidence, understanding changes in human–nature dynamics will require enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, greater attention to cultural and regional differences, and longitudinal studies. In addition, we call for studies of biophobia that extend beyond animal species typically linked to fear or disgust. Broadening the scope of such research will lead to greater appreciation of the full range of human–nature interactions—from affinity to aversion—and ultimately improve conservation strategies.