Animal Anatomical Teaching Models for Enhanced Veterinary Anatomy Education and Learning

Abstract

Animal teaching models are transforming veterinary anatomy education by providing accurate, engaging, and ethically aligned alternatives and complements to cadaver-based instruction. Advances in 3D printing enable the production of durable, low-cost, species-specific models derived from CT/MRI data, improving spatial understanding, reducing exposure to formalin, and expanding access to standardized specimens across cohorts. Evidence from veterinary anatomy education shows that 3D-printed and digital 3D models improve learning outcomes compared to traditional methods, along with strong acceptance from students and faculty. Simulation-based training with 3D-printed models enhances student confidence, motivation, and readiness for veterinary clinical skills, while facilitating a smoother transition to live-animal work and reducing the need for cadavers. These anatomical models also address the safety, logistics, and cost constraints associated with cadaver storage and maintenance. However, high-fidelity full-body simulators may be limited by expense and maintenance requirements. Implementation frameworks emphasize rigorous anatomical accuracy, iterative validation with educators and students, and alignment with veterinary curricular outcomes, leveraging fused deposition modeling and stereolithography to strike a balance between fidelity and affordability. While long-term effects on skill transfer and knowledge retention warrant further controlled studies, current evidence supports integrating physical and virtual 3D models with conventional dissection and computer-assisted learning to create blended, multimodal anatomy curricula. This approach advances pedagogical effectiveness, accessibility, and ethical standards in veterinary education, ultimately supporting improved clinical competence and animal welfare. In conclusion, Anatomical models are essential in the veterinary curriculum to give students a hands-on, interactive learning experience that improves spatial understanding, supports animal welfare, and enhances clinical and communication skills necessary for veterinary practice.