Optimal Sizing and Siting of Fresh and Second-Life Battery Energy Storage Systems Based on Linearized Optimal Power Flow for High Photovoltaic Penetration: A Comparative Study

Abstract

The optimization of battery energy storage systems (BESS) is becoming increasingly popular among consumers due to numerous advantages, such as improved energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and promotion of network stability. As electric vehicle (EV) battery ages, effective management is essential after the removal of battery to improve energy efficiency. In this context, repurposing second-life battery (SLB) for BESS applications provides a highly attractive alternative to direct recycling or disposal, offering both economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to determine optimal sizing and siting of BESS by comparing both fresh battery and SLB in the IEEE 14 bus. The analysis focused on developing cost-effective energy systems that integrate operating and investment costs, based on high photovoltaic (PV) penetration, using the direct current optimal power flow (DC-OPF) model derived from a linearized network. The results showed that optimizing BESS led to a reduction of 2.28% and 3.38% in PV penetration as well as unsupplied energy costs, respectively compared to scenarios without BESS. Additionally, 25% PV penetration reduced total daily operating costs from fresh battery and SLB by approximately 38.89% and 74.77%, respectively.