Prematurity and reduced body fatness at 8-12 y of age

Abstract

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that body composition, an important factor influencing morbidity and mortality in adult life, might be programmed by early growth and nutrition. Children born preterm remain shorter and lighter than their term-born peers during childhood, but it is unclear whether the size difference is associated with altered body composition. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that both fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are proportionately lower in children born preterm than in children born at term. Design: A total of 497 children born preterm and 95 children born at term were studied at 8-12 y of age. Body composition was determined with the use of skinfold thicknesses and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (in 200 preterm and 95 term children). FM and FFM were normalized for height to give fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI), respectively. Results: Children born preterm were significantly lighter than those born at term and had lower FM and FFM. However, FMI was significantly lower in preterm children, whereas FFMI was not. FMI was also significantly lower in boys than in girls and in children with higher activity levels. Additional data available for the preterm group showed no association between birth weight, gestational age, or neonatal diet and later FMI or FFMI. Conclusions: The smaller size of children born preterm than of children born at term is associated with lower FM but not FFM when normalized for height. We hypothesize that this could result in a reduction in the risk of obesity and related diseases during adult life. © 2004 American Society for Clinical Nutrition.