Brazilian Propolis: Nature’s Liquid Gold with Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potential

Abstract

Brazilian propolis is a natural bee product with a unique and diverse chemical composition. It is especially rich in phenols and terpenoids that show a range of significant biological properties. Due to the growing scientific interest, its strong anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity has been highlighted. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate its potential to modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as by regulating oxidative stress. Additionally, active compounds in Brazilian propolis have the potential to inhibit tumour cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and modulate the tumour microenvironment. Depending on the botanical source and region of occurrence, different types of Brazilian propolis are distinguished, including green, red and brown, which differ in composition and biological activity. Green propolis, rich in artepilin C and phenolic acids, shows strong anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Red propolis contains isoflavones and quercetin that enhance its antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Brown propolis, rich in cinnamic acids and benzophenones, exerts cytotoxic effects against certain lines of cancer cells. This article discusses the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action of different types of Brazilian propolis and their potential uses as supportive therapy in inflammatory and cancerous diseases in combination with nanotechnology.