Models of Science Policy: From the Linear Model to Responsible Research and Innovation

Abstract

In this paper I discuss four different paradigms through which science and technology have been governed, situating each in historical context. Starting with the ubiquitous ‘linear model of innovation’ I locate its origins and provenance, how it came to be replaced, at least in part, through a ‘grand challenges’ paradigm of science policy and funding; how this paradigm in turn has been subjected to rigorous analytical critique by a co-production model of science and society, and how it is being put into practice, in part, through a framework of responsible research and innovation.