Smoking as risk factor for chronic kidney disease: systematic review

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and smoking are public health problems. OBJECTIVE: To assess smoking as a risk factor for progression of CKD. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review in Medline, LILACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, Embase and Trials.gov with articles published until February/2013. Were included: cohort, clinical trials and case-control. Performed in humans, aged ≥ 18 years with smoking as a risk factor for progression of CKD. We excluded studies that reported no smoking and CKD in the title or had proposed to reduce smoking. RESULTS: Among 94 citations, 12 articles were selected. Of these, six were multicenter conducted in developed countries, four were randomized. Males predominated 51-76%. There was associated with smoking progression in 11 studies. It was found that the consumption ≥ 15 packs/ year increases the risk of progression of CKD. CONCLUSION: Smoking is a risk factor for progression of CKD.