Biological and organic farming approaches in anthracnose management

Abstract

Anthracnose, caused by species of the genus Colletotrichum, is an important disease of fruits and vegetables. Without effective control strategies, anthracnose can result in yield loss, reduced harvest quality and subsequently, monetary loss. A common approach in anthracnose management in conventional production systems is the use of pesticides, primarily fungicides. Although pesticides can control anthracnose in the field, they pose several disadvantages, including high cost, environmental pollution, adverse effects on non-target organisms and health concerns. This paper outlines several interventions used in organic agriculture that have been shown to inhibit Colletotrichum species, reduce the incidence of anthracnose and enhance the growth and yield of the host plants. Employing crop rotation, applying animal manure and wastes, using organic-based fertilisers and practicing cover cropping, green manuring, and no-tillage are some methods that can reduce the incidence and severity of anthracnose in the host plant. In addition, biological control agents (bacteria, fungi, yeasts), plant extracts (and their phytochemicals and essential oils) and volatile organic compounds from microbes and plants have also been proven effective. These, alone or in combination with each other, can serve as control mechanisms against anthracnose. Evidence suggests that such applications can induce host resistance and enhance crop yield. Integrating these materials into agricultural practices highlights their multifaceted role in sustainable agriculture.