Paper as a Sustainable Material for Smart Electrochemical (Bio)sensors with Unprecedented Features: A Perspective

Abstract

This perspective has the overriding goal of reporting the tipping points in the roadmap of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices by harnessing the multiple paper characteristics such as cost-effectiveness, widespread accessibility, mechanical strength, porosity, and capability to be easily cut, folded, modified, and assembled. The use of paper in electrochemical devices not only provides additional features to the electrochemical devices such as the environmentally friendless, ease multiplexed analysis, and three tridimensional structures by folding and unfolding operations but has broken down barriers for delivering measurement without (i) addition of reagents, (ii) sample treatment for liquid, aerosol, and solid samples, and (iii) any additional pump for microfluidics. I lay out the advantages of using paper for the design of multifarious electrochemical devices, underlying the next steps in the paper-based electrochemical device roadmap.