Cause-effect? Understanding the risk factors associated with bladder cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer is common in both males and females. It is associated with and known to be caused by several important risk factors, most notably smoking, occupational and environmental exposure to carcinogens, as well as conditions leading to chronic bladder irritation. Genetic and hereditary factors continue to be elucidated. A strong understanding of those risk factors is important in disease prevention. Without a doubt, stricter measures need to be enforced to curb tobacco use. © 2012 2012 Expert Reviews Ltd.