Estimated insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk, and hepatic steatosis after 12 years from the onset of T1D

Abstract

Aim: To test the hypothesis that intensive insulin treatment and optimal glycaemic control are not fully protective against reduction of insulin sensitivity in children with type 1 diabetes. Material and methods: Cohort study of 78 normal-weight patients with prepubertal onset (T 0) and follow-up waves at 1 (T 1), 5 (T 5), 10 (T 10), and 12 (T 12) years; matched for age and sex to 30 controls at T 12. Estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) by three formulae; ultrasound evaluation of para and perirenal fat thickness; hepatic steatosis (HS); carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) at T 12. Results: At T12, the 36 patients (46%) who had constantly or prevalently haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 58 mmol/l during follow-up showed better eIS indexes (p = 0.049 to <0.0001); lipid profile (p = 0.042 to <0.0001), reduced fat mass (p = 0.012) and required lower insulin dose (p = 0.032) than the 42 patients (54%) with HbA1c ≥ 58 at T12. Patients (N = 25) with eISEDC < 8.77 mg kg−1 min−1 showed higher cIMT (p < 0.0001). HS was found in 6 patients (∼8%). In patients and normal-weight controls, fat mass (p = 0.03), age (p = 0.03), cIMT (p = 0.05) predicted HS; eIS indexes (p from 0.04 to <0.0001) predicted cIMT. Body mass index, perirenal fat, fat mass, and triglycerides to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were associated with eIS indexes (p from 0.03 to <0.0001). Conclusions: Young T1D patients have reduced insulin sensitivity and higher cIMT. Adiposity, glucose, and lipid control over follow-up are likely to influence both. Enhanced adiposity seems of paramount relevance for the onset of HS in T1D patients alike in healthy youths.