Trend in creatinine determining methods: Conventional methods to molecular-based methods

Abstract

Renal failure (RF) disease is ranked as one of the most prevalent diseases with severe morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis of RF leads to subsequent control of disease to reduce the poor prognosis. The level of sera creatinine is considered as a significant biomarker for kidney biofunction, which is routinely detected by the Jaffe reaction. The normal range for creatinine in the blood may be 0.84-1.21 mg/dL. Low accuracy, insufficient sensitivity, explosive and toxicity of picric acid, and pseudo-interaction with nonspecific elements such as ammonium ions in the Jaffe method lead to the development of various techniques for precise detection of creatinine such as spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatography approaches and sensors based on enzymes, molecular imprinted polymer and nanoparticles, etc. Based on previously established results, they are trying to construct sensors with high accuracy, optimum sensitivity, acceptable linear/calibration range, and limit of detection, which are small in size and applicable by the patient him/herself (point-of-care testing). By comparing the results of research, a molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence-based sensor with linear/calibration range of 5-1 mM (Formula presented.) concentration of creatinine and the detection limit of 0.5 nM has the best detectable resolution with 2 million measurable points. In this paper, we will review the recently developed methods for measuring creatinine concentration and renal biofunction.