4D flow imaging—state of the art

Abstract

4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a versatile imaging technique for the in-vivo measurement of cardiovascular 3D hemodynamics (1). The development of 4D flow MRI has greatly benefited the understanding bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) over the last two decades and has supported a flow-mediated mechanism for why patients with BAV frequently develop aortopathy such as aortic dilation, aneurysm or dissection (2).