Biological Signatures of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent and severe neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 0.024 billion people globally, more common in women as compared to men. Senile plaques and amyloid deposition is one of the main causes of AD, amyloid deposition isconsidered as a central event which induces the link between the production of β amyloid and vascular changes. Presence of numerous biomarkers such as Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Microvascular changes, Senile plaques, changes in white matter, Granulovascular degeneration specifies the manifestation of AD while as an aggregation of tau protein is considered as a primary marker of AD. Likewise microvascular changes, activation of microglia (immune defense system of CNS), amyloid beta aggregation, senile plaque and many more biomarkers is nearly found in all Alzheimer patients. It was seen that 70% of Alzheimer cases occur due to genetic factors. It has been reported in various studies that apolipoprotein E(APOE) mainly APOE4 is one of the major risk factor for the later onset of AD. Several pathological changes also occur in the white matter which includes dilation of the perivascular space, loss of axons, reactive astrocytosis, oligodendrocytes and failure to drain interstitial fluid. In this review we are aiming to highlight about the various biological signatures associated with the AD which may further help in discovering multitargeting drug therapy.