Catalyst-free, visible light irradiation promoted synthesis of spiroacenaphthylenes and 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-diones in aqueous ethyl lactate

Abstract

Catalyst-free three-component tandem approach can synthesize spiroacenaphthylenes and 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-diones by Knoevenagel-Michael cyclocondensation via visible light irradiation in aqueous ethyl lactate at room temperature. The significant advantages of the present protocol include energy-effectiveness, catalyst-free, excellent yields, operational simplicity, high atom-economy, commercially accessible, inexpensive preliminary substances, so it meets some features of sustainablility and green chemistry.