Psychological Attachment Orientations of Surrogate Decision-Makers and Goals-of-Care Decisions for Brain Injury Patients in ICUs

Abstract

Objectives: To determine whether ICU surrogates with "insecure" psychologic attachment orientations are more prone to requesting tracheostomy and gastrostomy (i.e., life-sustaining therapy) for severe acute brain injury patients with poor prognosis compared to surrogates with "secure" orientations. Design: Cross-sectional survey from November 2017 to August 2018. Setting: Single neuroscience ICU at an academic medical center. Subjects: Consecutive sample of surrogates of patients admitted to the ICU with a minimum length of stay of 24 hours. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: We identified surrogates' psychologic attachment orientation via a standard tool, the Relationship Questionnaire, and collected other surrogate and patient demographics. We also presented surrogates with a hypothetical scenario of an intubated severe acute brain injury patient with poor prognosis and asked each surrogate whether he or she would request life-sustaining therapy or comfort measures only. Fisher exact test was used to compare frequency of life-sustaining therapy selection between secure and insecure surrogates. Additionally, we conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to determine other independent predictors of life-sustaining therapy selection. Two-hundred seventy-five of 713 (38.6%) eligible respondents participated; 153 (55.6%) surrogates were secure, and 122 (44.4%) insecure. There was no significant difference in the proportion of secure respondents selecting life-sustaining therapy compared to insecure (18.3% vs 20.5%; p = 0.38). Although still nonsignificant, the observed difference was slightly greater for those with a specific "anxious" insecure subtype versus "nonanxious" (18.2% vs 23.0%; p = 0.41). Overall, a higher proportion of respondents selecting life-sustaining therapy (vs comfort measures only) reported feeling uncertain or very uncertain about the hypothetical decision (45.3% vs 9.5%; p < 0.001). In a multivariate model, nonwhite race and high religiosity were significant predictors of life-sustaining therapy selection. Conclusions: Although surrogate attachment orientation is not predictive of life-sustaining therapy selection, nonwhite race and high religiosity are. Future interventions designed to support severe acute brain injury surrogates could focus on surrogates prone to selecting life-sustaining therapy with high degrees of uncertainty.