Modelling the density and mass of the Milky Way’s proto-galaxy components with APOGEE-Gaia

Abstract

Unravelling galaxy formation theory requires understanding galaxies both at high and low redshifts. A possible way to connect both realms is by studying the oldest stars in the Milky Way (i.e. the proto-Galaxy). We use the APOGEE-Gaia surveys to perform a purely chemical dissection of Milky Way (MW) stellar populations, and identify samples of stars likely belonging to proto-Galactic fragments. The metallicity dependence of the distribution of old MW stars in the [Mg/Mn]–[Al/Fe] enables the distinction of at least two populations in terms of their star formation histories: a rapidly evolved population likely associated with the main progenitor system of the proto-MW; and populations characterized by less efficient, slower, star formation. In the Solar neighbourhood less efficient star forming populations are dominated by the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage accretion debris. In the inner Galaxy, they are largely associated with the Heracles structure. We model the density of chemically defined proto-Galaxy populations, finding that they are well represented by a Plummer model with a scale radius of a ∼ 3.5 kpc, and an oblate ellipsoid with flattening parameters [p ∼ 0.8; q ∼ 0.6]; this finding indicates that the MW plausibly hosts a low-mass, metal-poor, bulge component. We integrate this density for chemically unevolved stars between −2 < −0.5 to obtain a minimum stellar mass for the proto-Galaxy of M∗(r < 10 kpc) = 9.1 ± 0.2 × 108 M. Our results suggest the proto-Milky Way is at least comprised of two significant fragments: the main in situ progenitor and the Heracles structure.