Soluble Alpha Klotho in Acromegaly: Comparison with Traditional Markers of Disease Activity

Abstract

Context: Soluble alpha klotho (sαKL) has been linked to growth hormone (GH) action, but systematic evaluation and comparisons with traditional biomarkers in acromegaly are lacking. Objective: To evaluate the potential of sαKL to aid classification of disease activity. Methods: This retrospective study at 2 academic centers included acromegaly patients before surgery (A, n=29); after surgery (controlled, discordant, or uncontrolled) without (B1, B2, B3, n=28, 11, 8); or with somatostatin analogue treatment (C1, C2, C3, n=17, 11, 5); nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (n=20); and healthy controls (n=31). sαKL was measured by immunoassay and compared with traditional biomarkers (random and nadir GH, insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I], IGF binding protein 3). Associations with disease activity were assessed. Results: sαKL was correlated to traditional biomarkers, particularly IGF-I (rs=0.80, P <0.0001). High concentrations before treatment (A, median, interquartile range: 4.04 × upper limit of normal [2.26-8.08]) dropped to normal after treatment in controlled and in most discordant patients. A cutoff of 1548 pg/mL for sαKL discriminated controlled (B1, C1) and uncontrolled (B3, C3) patients with 97.8% (88.4%-99.9%) sensitivity and 100% (77.1%-100%) specificity. sαKL was below the cutoff in 84% of the discordant subjects. In the remaining 16%, elevated sαKL and IGF-I persisted, despite normal random GH. Sex, age, body mass index, and markers of bone and calcium metabolism did not significantly affect sαKL concentrations. Conclusion: Our data support sαKL as a biomarker to assess disease activity in acromegaly. sαKL exhibits close association with GH secretory status, large dynamic range, and robustness toward biological confounders. Its measurement could be helpful particularly when GH and IGF-I provide discrepant information.