Exploring gender-based challenges after the earthquake: a phenomenological study of women in Turkey

Abstract

Background: Earthquakes often exacerbate existing gender inequalities, particularly in regions where women’s social status is already vulnerable. This study investigates how the February 2023 earthquake in Türkiye affected the lived experiences of women, with a specific focus on gender-based challenges. Methods: This phenomenological qualitative study, grounded in a Heideggerian approach, was conducted with 45 women residing in the earthquake-affected region between March 1 and April 1, 2024. Participants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive content analysis with MAXQDA 24. Throughout the research process, researchers practiced bracketing (epoché) to minimize bias and remain focused on the participants’ lived experiences. The study adhered to the COREQ guidelines. Results: Five main themes and eleven sub-themes were identified: (1) Necessities—unmet basic needs including hygiene and shelter; (2) Role of Masculinity—increased financial burdens and paternal responsibility among men; (3) Role of Femininity—comprising five sub-themes such as habitual constraints, vulnerability, maternal, sexual, and psychological burdens; (4) Women’s Power—expressions of resilience and empowerment; and (5) Gender Discrimination—experiences of oppression, invisibility, and unequal treatment. Women reported significant challenges in meeting their own and their children’s basic and emotional needs, with amplified inequality and psychological distress. Conclusions: The findings reveal that the earthquake intensified existing gender-based disparities, impacting women’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. Addressing these disparities requires more than integrating gender equality into disaster policies—it demands systemic changes, inclusive planning, and context-specific interventions that prioritize women’s voices, safety, and well-being in all phases of disaster response.