A semidominant mutation in an arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase phospatase-like gene compromises cortical microtubule organization

Abstract

Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates many cellular processes, including the dynamics and organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, but the events mediating it are poorly understood. A semidominant phs1-1 allele of the Arabidopsis thaliana PROPYZAMIDE-HYPERSENSITIVE 1 locus exhibits phenotypes indicative of compromised cortical microtubule functions, such as left-handed helical growth of seedling roots, defective anisotropic growth at low doses of microtubule-destabilizing drugs, enhancement of the temperature-sensitive microtubule organization1-1 phenotype, and less ordered and more fragmented cortical microtubule arrays compared with the wild type. PHS1 encodes a novel protein similar to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases. In phs1-1, a conserved Arg residue in the noncatalytic N-terminal region is exchanged with Cys, and the mutant PHS1 retained considerable phosphatase activity in vitro. In mammalian MAPK phosphatases, the corresponding region serves as a docking motif for MAPKs, and analogous Arg substitutions severely inhibit the kinase-phosphatase association. Transgenic studies indicate that the phs1-1 mutation acts dominant negatively, whereas the null phs1-2 allele is recessive embryonic lethal. We propose that the PHS1 phosphatase regulates more than one MAPK and that a subset of its target kinases is involved in the organization of cortical microtubules.