Designing Nanoporous Membranes through Templateless Electropolymerization of Thieno[3,4- b]thiophene Derivatives with High Water Content

Abstract

In this work, we present the synthesis of original thieno[3,4-b]thiophene monomers with rigid substituents (e.g., perfluorinated chains, and aromatic groups) and demonstrate the ability to prepare nanotubular and nanoporous structures via templateless, surfactant-free electropolymerization in organic solvents (dichloromethane). For the majority of synthesized monomers, including a significant amount of water in the electropolymerization solvent leads to the formation of nanoporous membranes with tunable size and surface hydrophobicity. If water is not included in the electropolymerization solvent, most of the surfaces prepared are relatively smooth. Tests with different water contents show that the formation of nanoporous membranes pass through the formation of vertically aligned nanotubes and that the increase in water content induces an increase in the number of nanotubes while their diameter and height remain unchanged. An increase in surface hydrophobicity is observed with the formation of nanopores up to ≈300 nm in diameter, but as the nanopores further increase in diameter, the surfaces become more hydrophilic with an observed decrease in the water contact angle. These materials and the ease with which they can be fabricated are extremely interesting for applications in separation membranes, opto-electronic devices, as well as for sensors.