Mucosal Vaccine

Abstract

The mucosal immune system consists of molecules, cells, and organized lymphoid structures intended to provide immunity to pathogens that impinge upon mucosal surfaces. Mucosal infection by pathogens, such as bacteria, virus, and protozoa, results in the induction of cell mediated immunity, as manifested by T helper, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These responses are normally accompanied by the synthesis of secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies, which provide an important first line of defense against invasion of mucosal surfaces by these pathogens. A new generation of live, attenuated mucosal vaccines, such as the cold-adapted, recombinant nasal influenza, can optimize this form of mucosal immune protection. Despite these advances, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are tipping the balance in favor of the parasite; continued mucosal vaccine development will be needed to effectively combat these new threats.