Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state management in the emergency department

Abstract

Background: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is an emergency condition characterized by a significant elevation in blood glucose and serum osmolality level with altered sensorium in the absence of significant ketoacidosis. It is commonly found in the elderly population with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, but it can also be found in children and adolescents. Early recognition is crucial to establish the precipitating factor and to start proper management immediately. Objective: This literature review aims to provide an overview and pathogenesis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state and address the necessity of early recognition by the emergency physician and immediate management approach. Methodology: We searched for relevant articles on the topic in the PubMed database. Common Mesh terms were used: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, emergency management, and complications. Conclusion: The backbone treatment restores the large water deficit and correct electrolyte imbalance induced by severe dehydration. Early identifying the precipitating factor is essential, but not to delay in management. Further instructions must be provided to avoid further attack as HHS has a high mortality rate that reaches 40%.