Springs of Uttarakhand Mountains: A State of Knowledge Review with Focus on Rejuvenation of Drying Springs

Abstract

his review focuses on the springs of the Uttarakhand mountains, particularly within the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), synthesizing existing published work. It delves into the empirical evidence supporting the reasons for the drying up of springs and the decline in spring discharge. Furthermore, it explores various methodologies and techniques employed in spring hydrological studies; including spring recharge zone delineation, spring rejuvenation strategies, and springshed management efforts undertaken by diverse stakeholders such as R&D organizations, Government Departments, and Non-Government Organizations, specifically within the Uttarakhand mountains. The key emphasis of this review is to underscore that existing studies on springs in Uttarakhand are inadequate for drawing firm conclusions on sustainable water management. Research varies widely - some focus only on summer discharge, others take single measurements, or report annual averages - often without considering spring types. Many studies also lack methodological rigor and fail to interpret key factors like discharge, climate, geology, and land use, hindering problem assessment and solution development. Efforts to enhance spring discharge through recharge zone treatments are often based on limited understanding, particularly regarding appropriate species for plantation. Additionally, the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of these measures, along with their ecosystem services benefits, remain under-evaluated. There is a clear need for more rigorous research by regional R&D institutions. The review also notes that significant work by NGOs and community stakeholders often remains undocumented and unrecognized in academic literature, limiting its influence and visibility. The overarching conclusion is that augmenting water yield in drying mountain springs necessitates a transdisciplinary and community-centric approach. This involves seamlessly integrating scientific knowledge with local wisdom, effectively translating research findings into actionable practices through a robust Science-Policy-Practice interface, and empowering communities to effectively overcome the prevalent water scarcity challenges in this region. Additionally, there is a strong imperative to build the capacity of implementing agencies and NGOs in springshed management methods and techniques. Regional research institutions, universities, and the newly established Spring and River Rejuvenation Authority (SARRA, Government of Uttarakhand) are expected to take a leading role in fostering better coordination across the region to contribute towards fulfilling SDG 6. Finally, the review highlights specific gap areas in spring hydrology and spring rejuvenation research, outlining avenues for future R&D activities. Uttarakhand has emerged as a significant hotspot for drying springs, evidenced by the highest number of publications among all the IHR States.