Titanium nanoparticles potentially affect gingival tissue through il-13α2 receptor expression

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the effects of titanium nanoparticles, that may have been scattered after dental implant placement, on gene and promoter expression, and gingival tissue. Methods: Ca9-22 cell lines were used as gingival epithelial cells to assess the effects of titanium dioxide nanomaterials as titanium nanoparticles. Cells were cocultured with or without titanium dioxide nanomaterials prior to gene and promoter expression analysis. Expression of interleukin-13α2 receptor was investigated using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, the enhanced messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of transforming growth factor β1 was analyzed using the same method. Results: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials affected gene and promoter expression in Ca9-22 cells: among the 160 upregulated genes, the upregu-lation of IL13RA2, which encodes interleukin-13α2 receptor, was the highest (8.625 log2 fold change). Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the increased expression of interleukin-13α2 receptor, which enhanced transforming growth factor β1 expression by stimulation with interleu-kin-13. Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials applied on the gingival epi-thelium around the dental implant may increase interleukin-13α2 receptor expression. In turn, this can enhance the secretion of transforming growth factor β1, which is known to promote the differentiation of osteoclasts involved in bone resorption, and potentially affect gingival tissue.