Effects of Compound Probiotics on Pharmacokinetics of Cytochrome 450 Probe Drugs in Rats

Abstract

Compound probiotics have been widely used and commonly coadministered with other drugs for treating various chronic illnesses, yet their effects on drug pharmacokinetics remain underexplored. This study elucidated the impact of VSL#3 on the metabolism of probe drugs for cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s), specifically omeprazole, tolbutamide, midazolam, metoprolol, phenacetin, and chlorzoxazone. Male Wistar rats were administered drinking water containing VSL#3 or not for 14 days and then intragastrically administered a P450 probe cocktail; this was done to investigate the host P450’s metabolic phenotype. Stool, liver/jejunum, and serum samples were collected for 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, and bile acid profiling. The results indicated significant differences in both a and b diversity of intestinal microbial composition between the probiotic and vehicle groups in rats. In the probiotic group, the bioavailability of omeprazole increased by 269.9%, whereas those of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide decreased by 28.1% and 27.4%, respectively. The liver and jejunum exhibited 1417 and 4004 differentially expressed genes, respectively, between the two groups. In the probiotic group, most of P450 genes were upregulated in the liver but downregulated in the jejunum. The expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes and drug transporters also changed. The serum-conjugated bile acids in the probiotic group were significantly reduced. Shorter duodenal villi and longer ileal villi were found in the probiotic group. In summary, VSL#3 administration altered the gut microbiota, host drug–processing gene expression, and intestinal structure in rats, which could be reasons for pharmacokinetic changes.