Emerging protein sources and novel extraction techniques: a systematic review on sustainable approaches

Abstract

As global protein demand surges, it is urgent to explore novel protein sources and develop advanced extraction technologies that can surpass the technological and scientific limitations of conventional methods. This systematic review summarises the emerging protein sources and sustainable protein extraction techniques, focusing on their role in enhancing food system sustainability. This article consolidates current research on novel extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field-based extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, subcritical water extraction and extraction using eutectic solvents, particularly from agro-industrial by-products. These methods assist in optimising protein recovery while aligning with circular economy principles by minimising waste and resource use. By evaluating the sustainability and practicality of these extraction methods, the article aims to guide future innovations and policy decisions, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and resilient global food system.