Parasympathetic cholinergic control of cerebral blood flow in dogs

Abstract

The effects of cholinergic receptor activation on cerebral blood flow were studied in dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Continuous measurements of cerebral blood flow, arterial and cerebral spinal fluid pressure, heart rate, and respiratory carbon dioxide tension were made during parasympathetic nerve stimulation and during intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine. Multiple samples of arterial and cerebral venous blood were taken before, during, and after cholinergic vasodilation and analyzed for oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, and pH. Dose-response curves obtained by intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine at 0.27-1,080 μg/min and stimulation frequency-response curves obtained by excitation of the major petrosal nerve at 2-40 Hz demonstrated a dose or frequency-dependent cerebral vasodilation. The maximum cerebral vasodilation (171% of control flow) was obtained with an acetylcholine infusion of 1,080 μg/min. During infusion of 27 μg of acetylcholine/min arterial blood gases showed little or no change and thus could not have produced the observed change in cerebral blood flow. The changes in cerebral venous blood were all consistent with the observed increase in cerebral blood flow; oxygen tension rose from 30.4 to 36.0 mm Hg, carbon dioxide tension fell from 45.7 to 42.3 mm Hg, and pH rose from 7.342 to 7.360. Ipsilateral stimulation of the major petrosal nerve at 10 Hz, with a 3-msec pulse duration and 60-second stimulation period, produced an increase in cerebral blood flow to 111% of control flow. Cholinergic receptor blockade with atropine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) completely eliminated the cerebral vasodilation produced by acetylcholine infusion at 27 μg/min and significantly reduced the vasodilation resulting from major petrosal nerve stimulation. It is concluded that the cerebral circulation has the capacity for significant cholinergic vasodilation.