Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Evaluated by Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)

Abstract

Background: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a swallowing disorder frequently assessed using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), which offers detailed visualization of swallowing function. While the physical consequences of OD, such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition, are well known, its psychological impact remains less understood. This study aimed to investigate how sociodemographic and clinical factors relate to OD and to evaluate levels of anxiety and depression in affected individuals. Material/Methods: This cross-sectional study included 63 patients who underwent FEES to evaluate swallowing function. Psychological status was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Based on FEES findings, patients were classified into 2 groups: group 1, impaired swallowing, and group 2, normal swallowing. Results: Impaired swallowing was identified in 38% of patients. These patients were significantly older (P=0.041) and predominantly male (P=0.005). BDI scores were significantly higher in the impaired group (P=0.044), indicating a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms. No significant difference was observed in BAI scores (P=0.282). A significantly higher proportion of patients in the normal swallowing group had a prior psychiatric diagnosis (P=0.013) and had received psychiatric treatment (P=0.004). Conclusions: This study demonstrates a significant association between OD and depressive symptoms, underscoring the relevance of incorporating psychological assessment into routine clinical evaluation. These findings advocate for a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both the physiological and psychological dimensions of swallowing disorders to enhance patient outcomes.