Tristetraprolin-mediated hexokinase 2 expression regulation contributes to glycolysis in cancer cells

Abstract

Hexokinase 2 (HK2) catalyzes the first step of glycolysis and is up-regulated in cancer cells. The mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an AU-rich element (ARE)-binding protein that inhibits the expression of ARE-containing genes by enhancing mRNA degradation. TTP expression is down-regulated in cancer cells. We demonstrated that TTP is critical for down-regulation of HK2 expression in cancer cells. HK2 mRNA contains an ARE within its 3'-UTR. TTP binds to HK2 3'-UTR and enhances degradation of HK2 mRNA. TTP overexpression decreased HK2 expression and suppressed the glycolytic capacity of cancer cells, measured as glucose uptake and production of glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, and lactate. TTP overexpression reduced both the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cancer cells. Ectopic expression of HK2 in cancer cells attenuated the reduction in glycolytic capacity, ECAR, and OCR from TTP. Taken together, these findings suggest that TTP acts as a negative regulator of HK2 expression and glucose metabolism in cancer cells.