Artificial Single-Layer, Multi-Layer, and Gradient Scaffolds for Enhancing the Healing of Tendon-to-Bone Interfaces: A Mini-Review

Abstract

Tendon healing after ligament or tendon reconstruction remains a significant challenge. Regenerative tissue engineering, an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, materials science, and engineering, offers promising solutions. Recent developments have introduced scaffold materials designed to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of tendon-to-bone tissue cells. These scaffolds possessing three-dimensional composites of tissue cells and biomaterials, have proven effective in facilitating tendon-to-bone curing post-surgery. The successful development of the tendon-to-bone interface is a critical factor for early rehabilitation and functional recovery. In this mini-review, we present a comprehensive update on contemporary strategies for synthetic scaffold-based materials and their influence on tendon-to-bone healing. We described the synthetic materials compositions, structures and features of single-layer, multi-layer, and gradient scaffolds with their special mechanical properties. We examined the construction of engineering scaffolds from the perspectives of biomaterials and design strategies, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages associated with each approach. Ultimately, this review articulates clear research directions aimed at achieving break-throughs in future studies.