NFC Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Device Integrated with Nanobody Recognition for C-Reactive Protein

Abstract

Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices play a crucial role as tools for disease diagnostics, and the integration of biorecognition elements with electronic components into these devices widens their functionalities and facilitates the development of complex quantitative assays. Unfortunately, biosensors that exploit large conventional IgG antibodies to capture relevant biomarkers are often limited in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and storage stability, considerably restricting the use of POCT in real-world applications. Therefore, we used nanobodies as they are more suitable for fabricating electrochemical biosensors with near-field communication (NFC) technology. Moreover, a flow-through microfluidic device was implemented in this system for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammation biomarker, and a model analyte. The resulting sensors not only have high sensitivity and portability but also retain automated sequential flow properties through capillary transport without the need for an external pump. We also compared the accuracy of CRP quantitative analyses between commercial PalmSens4 and NFC-based potentiostats. Furthermore, the sensor reliability was evaluated using three biological samples (artificial serum, plasma, and whole blood without any pretreatment). This platform will streamline the development of POCT devices by combining operational simplicity, low cost, fast analysis, and portability.