Furfural from lignocellulose biomass a comprehensive review of hydrolysis methods production technologies and integration into the circular economy

Abstract

Furfural, a platform chemical derived from lignocellulosic biomass, serves as a key precursor for biofuels, solvents, and chemical intermediates. Its production from agricultural waste aligns with circular economy principles by reducing dependence on fossil resources. This systematic review evaluates hydrolysis methods for furfural production, including acid hydrolysis, biphasic systems, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic processes. The study adheres to the PRISMA guidelines, with a literature search conducted in the Scopus database (2014–2024) using the terms “Furfural” AND “Circular Economy.” From 50 screened articles, relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Key challenges identified include feedstock variability, limited standardised life cycle assessments, and low commercial readiness of emerging technologies. The review also examines the potential for scaling and strategies to enhance economic and environmental sustainability in biorefinery systems. Furfural represents a viable renewable chemical that supports the objectives of a circular economy through the valorisation of agricultural waste. Future research should prioritise integrated biorefinery models and cradle-to-cradle assessments to optimise sustainability.