Insights into the Catalytic Activity of [Pd(NHC)(cin)Cl] (NHC=IPr, IPrCl, IPrBr) Complexes in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction

Abstract

The influence of C4,5-halogenation on palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction were investigated. Two [Pd(NHC)(cin)Cl] complexes bearing IPrCl and IPrBr ligands (IPr=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene; cin=cinnamyl) were synthesized. After determining the electronic and steric properties of these ligands, their properties were compared to those of [Pd(IPr) (cin)Cl]. The three palladium complexes were studied by using DFT calculations to delineate their behavior in the activation step leading to the putative 12-electron active catalyst. Experimentally, their catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction involving a wide range of coupling partners (30 entries) at low catalyst loading was studied.