Water Surface Loss and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Biome by Farming Expansion and Weak Legislation

Abstract

The study examines the relationship between water surface loss and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, focusing on the expansion of farming (crops and agriculture, as well as pasture and livestock) and the impact of inadequate legislation from 1985 to 2023. The Amazon biome is vital for the global hydrological cycle and is home to about 10% of the known species. Data from MapBiomas and multivariate statistical techniques revealed that forest and water surface areas decreased significantly while pasture and agricultural regions increased. Environmental legislation has shown progress, with Center and Left-leaning governments implementing environmental protection measures. In contrast, Center–Right and Right-leaning governments prioritized economic interests, resulting in significant setbacks in forest protection and increased deforestation. The study further highlights the importance of developing integrated and sustainable strategies that balance economic development and environmental conservation in the Amazon biome.