Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Stigma maydis: In Silico and In Vivo Investigations

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is a major global health concern, leading to diseases like cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, and kidney failure. The long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage inflammation is associated with adverse effects. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of an aqueous extract from Stigma maydis (SAE), a traditional herb known for its medicinal benefits. Aqueous extract was prepared from Stigma maydis and subjected to phytochemical screening. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of SAE were predicted using pkCSM and Swiss-ADME platforms. In silico molecular docking was performed on SAE's phytoconstituents. The anti-inflammatory activity of SAE was evaluated in rats using carrageenan-induced paw edema, with doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and mefenamic acid as a reference. Analgesic activity was assessed through the Randall-Selitto assay. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. In silico analysis identified several active constituents, such as pelargonidin and apigenidin, which exhibited a high binding affinity for cyclooxygenase-2, a key target for anti-inflammatory drugs. The extracts at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.5) reduced paw edema, with inflammation percentages of 21.63, 22.64, and 24.69%, respectively, compared to the negative control group. The 500 mg/kg dose of SAE exhibited the most pronounced effects, although it was less potent than the positive control. The Result of the study revealed that Stigma maydis aqueous extract exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties with minimal side effects, warranting further research to understand its mechanisms of action and clinical applications.