Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths annually. CVD encompasses various conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The primary cause of CVD is the accumulation of lipids in the artery wall, known as atherosclerotic plaque, which can obstruct blood supply and lead to various disorders. Risk factors for CVD include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. Prevention and management strategies involve adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management. Medical procedures, such as medications, cardiac rehabilitation, and surgical interventions, are also essential in managing CVD. This review aims to provide an overview of CVD, its risk factors, prevention, and management strategies, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment.