Renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine as markers for the development of hypertension in CKD patients

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to irreversible changes in kidney function and structure, with over 90% of patients developing arterial hypertension (HT). Renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine are believed to influence HT development and CKD progression. Aim of the study: This study aims to measure renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels in CKD patients to evaluate their potential as markers for CKD progression, HT development, and cardiovascular event risk. Materials and methods: The study involved 117 CKD patients divided into four groups: 32 hemodialysis patients (before and after treatment), 31 peritoneal dialysis patients, 24 kidney transplant recipients (pre- and post-transplant), and 30 conservatively treated patients (CKD stages 2–5). A control group included 31 healthy volunteers. Levels of renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine were measured using the ELISA method. Results: The study found that CKD significantly affected renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels (p = 0.046; p = 0.035; p = 0.023). The lowest renalase levels were in patients with ADPKD and HT, while the highest dopamine levels were in those with CKD due to glomerulonephritis. The lowest norepinephrine levels were observed in patients with HT and diabetes. Conclusions: Levels of renalase, dopamine, and norepinephrine may indicate CKD progression, cardiovascular event risk, and patient prognosis.