Can the law affect attitudes and behavior in the absence of strict enforcement? Experimental evidence from a child marriage reform in Bangladesh

Abstract

In developing countries, one in four girls is married before turning 18, with adverse consequences for themselves and their children. In this article, we investigate whether laws can affect attitudes and behavior toward child marriage—in a context in which the laws are not strictly enforced. We do so by developing a simple theoretical model of marriage age choice which allows us to account for several potential mechanisms through which a change in the formal law may affect attitudes and behavior even when the law is not enforced. We also implement a randomized video-based information intervention that aimed to accelerate knowledge transmission about a new child marriage law in Bangladesh that introduced harsher punishments for facilitating early marriage. Surveys conducted immediately after the intervention document changes in respondents’ attitudes while follow-up surveys conducted several months later document an increase in early marriage among treated households—but only if the father or family elders also received the information. The findings allow us to distinguish between several competing theoretical channels underlying the effect of legal change and highlight the risk of backlash against laws that contradict traditional norms and practices.