Quantum Chemical Calculations and Experimental Validation of the Photoclick Reaction for Fluorescent Labeling of the 5' cap of Eukaryotic mRNAs

Abstract

Bioorthogonal click reactions are powerful tools to specifically label biomolecules in living cells. Considerable progress has been made in site-specific labeling of proteins and glycans in complex biological systems, but equivalent methods for mRNAs are rare. We present a chemo-enzymatic approach to label the 5' cap of eukaryotic mRNAs using a bioorthogonal photoclick reaction. Herein, the N7-methylated guanosine of the 5' cap is enzymatically equipped with an allyl group using a variant of the trimethylguanosine synthase 2 from Giardia lamblia (GlaTgs2). To elucidate whether the resulting N2-modified 5' cap is a suitable dipolarophile for photoclick reactions, we used Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) and calculated the HOMO and LUMO energies of this molecule and nitrile imines. Our in silico studies suggested that combining enzymatic allylation of the cap with subsequent labeling in a photoclick reaction was feasible. This could be experimentally validated. Our approach generates a turn-on fluorophore site-specifically at the 5' cap and therefore presents an important step towards labeling of eukaryotic mRNAs in a bioorthogonal manner.