Metabolomics analysis in saliva from periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate metabolomics markers in the saliva of patients with periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis. Background: The use of metabolomics for diagnosing and monitoring periodontitis is promising. Although several metabolites have been reported to be altered by inflammation, few studies have examined metabolomics in saliva collected from patients with different periodontal phenotypes. Methods: Saliva samples collected from a total of 63 patients were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) followed by ELISA for interleukin (IL)-1β. The patient sample, well-characterised clinically, included periodontal health (n = 8), gingivitis (n = 19) and periodontitis (n = 36) cases, all non-smokers and not diabetic. Results: Periodontal diagnosis (healthy/gingivitis/periodontitis) was not associated with any salivary metabolites in this exploratory study. Periodontal staging showed nominal associations with acetoin (p =.030) and citrulline (p =.047). Among other investigated variables, the use of systemic antibiotics in the previous 3 months was associated with higher values of the amino acids taurine, glycine and ornithine (p =.002, p =.05 and p =.005, respectively, at linear regression adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index and staging). Conclusion: While periodontal staging was marginally associated with some salivary metabolites, other factors such as systemic antibiotic use may have a much more profound effect on the microbial metabolites in saliva. Metabolomics in periodontal disease is still an underresearched area that requires further observational studies on large cohorts of patients, aiming to obtain data to be used for clinical translation.