Recent progress in aqueous underwater power batteries

Abstract

The high price and safety concerns have driven people to turn to research aqueous batteries. Among them, aqueous metal-ion batteries, metal-air batteries and metal-hydrogen peroxide batteries stand out because of their high energy density, power density and long duration. In particular, metal hydrogen peroxide batteries have become popular due to their oxygen independence, which results in great performance while working in situations without oxygen, such as space or water. Here, we provide the requirements of underwater batteries and review their progress. Then, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different batteries and show some applications of underwater power batteries. Finally, we provide an outlook on underwater power batteries and some important issues for future progress.