Frog Metamorphosis: A Review of Metamorphic Stages, Developmental Progression, and Influential Factors

Abstract

Frog (Anura) is the most diverse, diversified, and ubiquitous of the three extant amphibian orders under the class Amphibia. They are distributed in across the globe, with the exception of the polar regions, some marine islands, and very dry deserts. The life cycle of a frog is a fascinating event which they go through a fascinating transition known as 'metamorphosis' as they grow from frogspawn to adult frogs. Although extensive research has been done on the life cycle and metamorphosis of frogs, there is little comparative information on different variances in its unique transformation traits during evolution among the families and factors influencing this transformational processes. Therefore, this review focuses on identifying the metamorphosis process in distinguished frog families by comparing stages of development, morphological, physiological changes and also the factors that influence their growth or metamorphosis and timing. The study conducted by reviewing about 100 sources consisting of previous scientific publications, which are primarily accessible through online journal and article publishing platforms or database. Subsequently, significant differences within the frog families have been recorded. Genetics, hormones, environmental cues, and the availability of resources are all intrinsic and extrinsic variables that influence these developmental stages. In term of future suggestions, further research are needed to undertake a comprehensive study that includes complete monitoring of frog metamorphosis and development at all phases. This would provide important insights into the genetic and molecular factors that control the timing and success of frog metamorphosis. Thus, could improve the understanding of the delicate interplay between genetics, environmental cues, and developmental processes by doing such studies.